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          hex文件介绍及使用
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        <p>​        原文地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://icspec.com/news/article-details/2113863">https://icspec.com/news/article-details/2113863</a></p>
<h3 id="1、什么是hex文件"><a href="#1、什么是hex文件" class="headerlink" title="1、什么是hex文件"></a>1、什么是hex文件</h3><p>​        以*.hex为后缀的文件我们称之为HEX文件。hex是intel规定的标准，hex的全称是Intel HEX，此类文件通常用于传输将被存于ROM或EEPROM中的程序和数据。是由一行行符合Intel HEX文件格式的文本所构成的ASCII文本文件。<br>​        HEX的英语原始意思是16进制。这种文件格式主要用于保存单片机固件。整个文件以行为单位，每行以冒号开头，内容全部为16进制码，2个ASCII码字符表示1个Hex字节</p>
<h3 id="2、hex文件格式"><a href="#2、hex文件格式" class="headerlink" title="2、hex文件格式"></a>2、hex文件格式</h3><p>​        先上图：用Notepad++ 直接打开的一个32bit的单片机编译器编译的一个hex文件(中间省略了部分)：</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/684f15a9-28ae-382a-9b8e-9ecbdae261e5.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>​        通过上面的文件，我们不难发现，hex文件每行都由一个冒号:作为起始码。<br>​        每行都符合以下图示的格式：（注意：下图中一格代表一个ASC码，用一个字节表示）</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/a57273c2-9072-32cb-8000-605824c225fc.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>​        <strong>起始码</strong>：每行数据作为一帧，并由:作为起始码；<br>​        <strong>字节长度</strong>：两个十六进制数字（一对十六进制数字），指示数据字段中的字节数（十六进制数字对）。最大字节数为255（0xFF）。16（0x10）和32（0x20）是常用的字节数；</p>
<p>​        <strong>地址</strong>：四个十六进制数字，代表数据的16位起始存储器地址偏移量。数据的物理地址是通过将此偏移量添加到先前建立的基地址来计算的，因此允许内存寻址超过16位地址的64 KB限制。基地址默认为零，可以通过各种类型的记录进行更改。基地址和地址偏移量始终表示为大端值。</p>
<p>​        <strong>指令类型</strong>：两个十六进制数字00到05，定义了这行数据的具体含义；        </p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/b01324c0-5d0e-3c5c-96a6-44812e07bfed.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>​        <strong>校验码</strong>：（两个十六进制数字），可以用来验证记录没有错误的计算值；数据：n字节数据序列，由2个n十六进制数字表示；注意校验和算法：累加和=校验码之前所有16进制，校验和=0x100-累加和。            </p>
<p>​        如之前的hex文件图</p>
<p><strong>第一行</strong>020000040804EE中，可以看做是0x02 0x00 0x00 0x04 0x08 0x04 0xEE，<br>02：代表本行有2个字节数据<br>0000：表示偏移地址或无用填0<br>04：扩展线性地址标识，表面后面2个字节数据是后面数据的基地址<br>注：由于每行标识数据地址的只有2Byte，所以最大只能到64K，为了可以保存高地址的数据，故有了扩展线性地址记录也叫作32位地址记录或HEX386记录.这些记录含数据的高16位，扩展线性地址记录总是有两个数据字节。<br>0804：是扩展地址 (0x0804 &lt;&lt; 16) = 0x08040000后面的数据记录都以这个地址为基地址。<br>EE: 记录本行校验和 EE=0x100-(0x02+0x04+0x08+0x04)</p>
<p><strong>第二行</strong>也按格式切分开为 10 0000 00 A8990020C1010408830B040839080408 DA<br>10：本行有0x10个Byte数据（即16个Byte数据）<br>0000：表示本行数据起始地址为0x08040000。下一行则是0x08040010依次类推<br>00：数据类型，表示后面字节为记录的数据<br>A8990020C1010408830B040839080408：16个byte的数据<br>DA: 校验和<br>00类型的行都大差不差，只是地址和数据不同而已，就不多赘述，以此类推即可。</p>
<p><strong>倒数第二行</strong>也按格式切分开为 04 0000 05 080401AD 3D<br>04：表示本行有4个Byte数据<br>0000：无用填0<br>05：数据类型，表示开始线性地址记录<br>080401AD：表示要执行的下一个指令的地址（main函数地址）<br>3D：校验和</p>
<p>位置只有四个数据，但是 标注类型是 05, 即他是一个 “开始线性地址记录”。<br>说那么多，什么是开始线性地址记录呢？其实他就是函数入口地址<br>例如在该工程的 .map 文件中可以看到以下信息</p>
<p>Memory Map of the image</p>
<p>Image Entry point : 0x080401AD<br>…<br>但该行对于普通的MCU烧写程序来说没有什么作用，参考以下资料：<br>05 类型：Start Linear Address Record. The address field is 0000, the byte count is 04. The 4 data<br>bytes represent the 32-bit value loaded into the EIP register of the 80386 and higher CPU.</p>
<p><strong>最后一行</strong> 00000001FF<br>00：代表本行有0个字节数据<br>0000：无用填0<br>01：标识hex文件结束<br>FF：校验和<br>注：每一个hex文件都以这个结尾。</p>
<h3 id="3、hex文件合并"><a href="#3、hex文件合并" class="headerlink" title="3、hex文件合并"></a>3、hex文件合并</h3><p>​        打开我们的hex文件，就以BOOT和APP代码为例，用记事本或者其他的软件（notepad++等）打开</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/微信截图_20230420134853.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>​        hex文件最后一行是代表文件的结束，那么我们只需要删除boot文件的最后一行代码，然后把APP的代码的全部内容直接拷贝过来，接到boot文件的最后一行。保存后我们就得到了最终的hex文件，直接烧录进去MCU即可。</p>
<h3 id="4、尝试往flash某个地址添加数据"><a href="#4、尝试往flash某个地址添加数据" class="headerlink" title="4、尝试往flash某个地址添加数据"></a>4、尝试往flash某个地址添加数据</h3><p>​        现在有一个需求，需要往0x01 E000地址写入4个字节：0x00000001</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/flash位置处.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/微信截图_20230420135356.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>3238行和3239行就是我自己新添加的。</p>
<p>3238行指令类型为04，表示0x0001&lt;&lt;16，后面的数据记录都以这个地址为基地址</p>
<p>3239行指令类型为00，偏移地址为0xE000，写入的数据在flash中从低地址到高地址分别为：0x01，0x00，0x00，0x00。</p>
<p>C语言程序中写入的数据为：0x00000001。</p>
<h3 id="5、技巧"><a href="#5、技巧" class="headerlink" title="5、技巧"></a>5、技巧</h3><p>​        正常情况下，校验码都是正确的，校验码部分会显示绿色</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/微信截图_20230420142312.png" style="zoom:80%;">

<p>​        如果有校验码出错，Notepad++会显示成非绿色</p>
<img src="https://xdl-blog-picture.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/img/微信截图_20230420142450.png" style="zoom:80%;">

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